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Mastodons and related early elephants

The American Mastodon, Mammut americanum

Photo: Sergiodlarosa, GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or later

The lineage shown in the diagram at left was determined from sequencing the mitochondrial genome of the mastodon Mammut americanum, a recently extinct relative of the living elephants that diverged about 26 million years ago. The sequence was obtained from a tooth dated to 50 000–130 000 years ago, increasing the specimen age for which such palaeogenomic analyses have been done by almost a complete glacial cycle.

Using this sequence, together with mitochondrial genome sequences from two African elephants, two Asian elephants, and two woolly mammoths (all of which have been previously sequenced), the authors showed that mammoths are more closely related to Asian than to African elephants. They also used a calibration point lying outside the Elephantidae radiation (elephants and mammoths), which enabled us to estimate accurately the time of divergence of African elephants from Asian elephants and mammoths (about 7.6 million years ago) and the time of divergence between mammoths and Asian elephants (about 6.7 million years ago).

These dates are strikingly similar to the divergence time for humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, and raise the possibility that the speciation of mammoth and elephants and of humans and African great apes had a common cause. Despite the similarity in divergence times, the substitution rate within primates is more than twice as high as in proboscideans.

Photo and text adapted from: Rohland et al (2007)

This is a superb reconstruction of Phiomia by Blue Rhino Studio, who do hyper-realistic reconstructions of extinct or living animals for major museums such as the Field Museum.

Phiomia is one of the Elephantiformes, as per the first table above.

Proboscidea → Elephantiformes → Phiomia

Photo: http://www.rhinocentral.com/html/prehistoricsculpt/prehistorics_1.html

Phiomia serridens

Phiomia is an extinct genus of basal proboscid that lived in what is now Northern Africa during the Late Eocene to Early Oligocene some 36-35 million years ago. "Phiomia serridens" means "saw-toothed animal of Faiyum". Faiyum is in Egypt, 130 km southwest of Cairo.

Phiomia was around 2.5 metres (8.2 ft) high, and vaguely resembled a modern elephant, although, based on the shape of its nasal bones, it had only a very short trunk. It had short tusks on the upper jaw and also short shovel-like tusks on the lower jaw that were most likely used for gathering food. These were similar to those of the Miocene Platybelodon, Archaeobelodon, and Amebelodon, but considerably smaller. The tusks in the upper jaw may have been used in defence, or scraping bark off trees.

Photo: LadyofHats
Source: Facsimile, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris
Permission: This photograph has been released into the public domain.
Text: Wikipedia

The text here reads:

Coming originally from Africa, the mastodons invaded Europe and Asia 18 million years ago. They made their way to North America via the Bering Bridge ten million years ago and finally reached South America two million years ago.

The development of the tusks and of the trunk reflects the evolution of the mastodons during the Miocene.

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008

Source: Display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

One version of what Phiomia looked like, with a small trunk, and not showing tusks.

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008

Source: Display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

Phiomia wintoni

Lower jaw of a prehistoric elephant - from Faiyum, Egypt, located 130 km southwest of Cairo.

Note the shovel-like appearance of the tusks, possibly used to dig up roots and tubers.

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008

Source: Apparently original, Display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

Phiomia wintoni

Upper jaw of the same species of mastodon, also from Faiyum, Egypt.

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008

Source: Apparently original, Display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

Gomphotherium

Proboscidea → Elephantiformes → Elephantoidea → Elephantida → Gomphotheriidae → Gomphotherium

Photo: Zdeněk Burian

Zdeněk Michael František Burian (February 11, 1905, Kopřivnice, Moravia - July 1, 1981 Prague) was a Czech painter and book illustrator whose work played a central role in the development of palaeontological reconstructions during a remarkable career spanning five decades.

Originally recognised only in his native Czechoslovakia, Burian's fame later spread to an international audience, and a number of artists later attempted to emulate his style. He is regarded by many as the most influential palaeo-artist of the modern era.

Text: Wikipedia

Gomphotherium angustidens

Teeth of the upper jaw of a mastodon, from Dornbach, Austria

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008

Source: Apparently original, Display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

Tetralophodon

Proboscidea → Elephantiformes → Elephantoidea → Elephantida → Tetralophodon

Photo: Zdeněk Burian

Tetralophodon longirostris

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008

Source: Facsimile, Display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

Tetralophodon longirostris

Tetralophodon ("four-ridged tooth") is an extinct gomphothere genus (family Gomphotheriidae). Like typical gomphotheres, Tetralophodon had four tusks and a trunk, and was a browser.

It is from the late Miocene-Pliocene (3-2 million years ago) and was about 8 feet (2.5 metres) high and one ton in weight.

It had four tusks and large, four-cusped teeth.

The "tetra" in Tetralophodon refers to this prehistoric elephant's unusually large, four-cusped cheek teeth, but it could apply equally well to Tetralophodon's four tusks, which mark it as a "gomphothere" proboscid (and thus a close relative of the better-known Gomphotherium).

Like Gomphotherium, Tetralophodon enjoyed an unusually wide distribution during the late Miocene and early Pliocene epochs; fossils of various species have been found as far afield as North and South America, Africa and Eurasia.

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008

Text: Adapted from Wikipedia and http://dinosaurs.about.com/

Source: Apparently original, Display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

Tetralophodon longirostris

This genus of animals stood about ten feet tall and was a very widespread and successful proboscidean. Tetralophodon lived through the Miocene and Pliocene epoches. These animals have been found in North America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.

The member species are T. longirostris, T. fricki, T. atticus, and T. punjabensis.

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008

Text: Adapted from Wikipedia

Source: Apparently original, Display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

Tetralophodon longirostris

Lower jaw from Stellenhof, Austria.

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008

Source: Apparently original, Display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

Tetralophodon longirostris

Upper jaw teeth from Wien - St. Marx, Austria.

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008

Source: Apparently original, Display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

Tetralophodon longirostris

Upper jaw teeth (maxillaries) of a juvenile from Wien - St. Marx, Austria.

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008

Source: Apparently original, Display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

Mammut americanum

A superb reconstruction based on the available fossils.

Proboscidea → Elephantiformes → Elephantoidea → Mammutidae → Mammut

Photo: Sergiodlarosa
Permission: GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or later

Mammut americanum

Upper jaw of a mastodon from St. Louis USA

The American mastodon, Mammut americanum, is an extinct North American proboscidean that lived from about 3.7 million years ago until about 10 000 BC. It was the last surviving member of the mastodon family.

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008
Source: Apparently original, Display at the Vienna Natural History Museum
Text: Adapted from Wikipedia

Mammut americanum

Third Molar of a mastodon from St. Louis USA

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008
Source: Apparently original, display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

American mastodon, Mammut americanum

This Ice Age relative of the elephant roamed North America until 13 000 BP.

This specimen is from Missouri, USA, circa 30 000 BP - 40 000 BP.

These magnificent beasts co-existed with humans until they were eventually driven to extinction by a combination of hunting, habitat loss and climate change.

This specimen was originally toured by an American entrepreneur as an 'aquatic monster', with added vertebrae and horizontal tusks.

Acquired by the Museum in 1844, Sir Richard Owen, the first Director of the NHMUK, repositioned the mastodon into its current, accurate position, revealing its relationship to living elephants.

It is known from fossils found ranging from present-day Alaska and New England in the north, to Florida, southern California, and as far south as Honduras and El Salvador. Its main habitat was cold spruce woodlands, and it is believed to have browsed in herds.

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2018
Catalog: NHMUK PV OR 15913
Source and text: Original, display at The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD
Additional text: Adapted from Wikipedia

Anancus arvernensis

First described from the middle Pliocene of Puy-de-Dome, Perrier (France) as Mastodon arvernensis (or Mastodon from Auvergne) by Croizet et al. (1828) from a fragment of a lower jaw and two milk premolars.

Proboscidea → Elephantiformes → Elephantoidea → Elephantida → Anuncus

Photo: Zdeněk Burian

Fossil remains of various members of the genus Anancus are known from the Late Miocene - Middle Pliocene of India and China, and from the Pliocene, early Pliocene and early Pleistocene of North, Central, Eastern and Southern Africa, and form the Middle to Late Pliocene, from a number of countries south of the former Soviet Union (Moldova, Ukraine, North Caucasus and Transcaucasia, Kazakhstan).

(The text above translated from http://age-of-mammals.ucoz.ru/index/anancus/0-242)

Anancus arvernensis

Molar of a mastodon, locality unknown.

Proboscidea → Elephantiformes → Elephantoidea → Elephantida → Anancus

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008
Source: Apparently original, display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

Anancus arvernensis, known as 'Pippo' discovered in 1825 near Montecarlo in Tuscany (Italy)

Standing around 3 m (9.8 ft) tall and weighing about 5 tons, it closely resembled a modern elephant. It had two tusks, whereas most other gomphotheres had four. Aside from its somewhat shorter legs, Anancus was also different from modern elephants in that its tusks were much longer, up to 4 m (13 ft) in length. The molars were not composed of lamellae like those of true elephants, but had cusps, like tapir and pig molars. Anancus appears to have lived in forests, eating from trees and shrubs and digging out tubers and roots in the forest floor, and it died out when these forests gave way to grasslands.

Photo: http://age-of-mammals.ucoz.ru/index/anancus/0-242
Source: Apparently original, display at an unknown museum.
Text: http://carnivoraforum.com/

Zygolophodon turicensis

Lower jaw of a mastodon, found at Wolkersdorf. It is closely related to the Mammut genus.

Proboscidea → Elephantiformes → Elephantoidea → Mammutidae → Zygolophodon

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008
Source: Apparently original, display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

Zygolophodon turicensis

Wolkersdorf im Weinviertel is a town in the district of Mistelbach in the Austrian state of Lower Austria. It is situated in the Weinviertel, about 15 km north of Vienna, on the main road from Vienna to Brno.

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008
Source: Apparently original, display at the Vienna Natural History Museum

The Manis Mastodon - A newly analysed mastodon rib bone shows that Native Americans were using bone-pointed weapons to take down big game nearly a thousand years earlier than thought, according to a new study. Images of the rib show a broken bone projectile point still stuck where a hunter drove it in 13 800 years ago. The rib was found near the town of Sequim on Washington’s Olympic Peninsula, in the late 1970s. Radiocarbon analysis, DNA samples, genetics work, and other modern techniques recently revealed its true age.

References

1. Croizet l'Abbé, Jobert A. , 1828: Recherches sur les Ossemens Fossiles du Departement du Puy-de-Dome, Chez les principaux libraires 1828, Paris
2. Rohland N., Malaspinas A., Pollack J., Slatkin M., Matheus P., Hofreiter M., 2007: Proboscidean Mitogenomics: Chronology and Mode of Elephant Evolution Using Mastodon as Outgroup, PLoS Biol 5(8): e207. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050207

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