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La Grotte de la Vache is important for the complete camp of Magdalenian hunters found, and may be seen almost as it was 12 000 to 15 000 years ago. It was the living area for the artists of Niaux, just across the valley. Weapons, tools, typical game and artworks have been recovered from this small but important site.

Niaux Cave, or la Grotte de Niaux is one of the most famous prehistoric caves in Europe. It lies in the northern foothills of the Pyrenees, and is located in Ariège, in the valley of Vicdessos, across the valley from the smaller Grotte de la Vache where the artists lived over the winter ibex season, in an area rich with prehistoric sites. The huge cave entrance, 55 metres high and 50 metres wide, is at 678 metres above sea level. There are more than two kilometres of galleries, with a hundred or more superb paintings from Magdalenian times, most of which are in the famous 'Salon Noir', 800 metres from the entrance. Many of the paintings are done in the classic style of the Magdalenian, outlined in black or red pigment, mostly haematite or manganese dioxide respectively.

Grotte de la Vache near Niaux - A study of the fauna and occupation by humans during the ice age

This is a very important and ground breaking paper by Mme Nicole Pailhaugue which summarises the fauna and seasons of occupation of the important site of La Grotte de la Vache, in the French Pyrenees. It deserves a much wider audience.

Entrance to La Grotte de La Vache

Photo: Don Hitchcock 2008



I have read many, many papers on archaeology. Most are, to be frank, somewhat pedestrian. Rarely do you find a paper which demonstrates not just the ability to cope with mind-numbing amounts of raw data, but a demonstration of the ability to put that data into a coherent whole, and then to mine the data for very important results.

This is such a paper.

I was thrilled as I read this paper to see what wonderful insights that Mme Pailhaugue has been able to read into what might otherwise have been a very ordinary set of results from a less skilled and professional researcher.

This is a superb piece of work.

The translation and presentation in web-ready form here took many hours of work, but it was worth every second. I hope that this web page will result in Mme Pailhaugue's results being available to a wider audience.

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Pailhaugue, N. , 1998: Faune et saisons d'occupation de la salle Monique au Magdalénien Pyrénéen, Grotte de la Vache (Alliat, Ariège, France),
Quaternaire Volume 9, Numéro 4, 1998. pp. 385-400

Abstract

The fauna found at la Grotte de la Vache, an important site of the Pyrenean Magdalenian, was completely studied for the first time. 29 species of mammals and 21 species of birds were recognised.

This rich fauna is a basic reference for the knowledge of the Late Glacial period in the Pyrenees, with a strong proportion of mountain species (Capra pyrenaica (Ibex), Rupicapra pyrenaica (Chamois), Lagopus mutus (Ptarmigan), Accipitridae (Hawks, Eagles, and Harriers), Pyrrhocorax graculus (Alpine Chough) and Montifringilla nivalis (White winged Snowfinch)).

Arctic species (Rangifer tarandus (Reindeer), Alopex lagopus (Arctic Fox ), Lupus timidus (Mountain Hare)) are much more frequent than temperate species (Cervus elaphus (Red Deer), Vulpes vulpes (Red Fox), Oryctolagus (European Rabbit), Perdix perdix (Grey Partridge), Coturnix coturnix (Common Quail), Garrulus glandarius (Eurasian Jay) or Picus viridus (Woodpecker)).

This fauna is essentially constituted of the remains of meals and results from non-selective hunting. Ibex and Ptarmigan provide the main part of the game. The proportion of males and females and the study of ages in the populations of Ibex, Chamois and Reindeer let us know the seasons when the site was occupied by the hunters and allow us to define the way they have used it.

Animals and Seasons of Occupation of the Salle Monique
from the Pyrenean Magdalenian of the Grotte de la Vache

Nicole Pailhaugue (1998)

Translated by Don Hitchcock

Location and Archaeological Context

The Grotte de la Vache is on the left bank of the Vicdessos, two kilometres south of Tarascon-sur-Ariege where the Vicdessos joins the Ariège. Situated at the base of the limestone outcrops of the Massif de Génat (1077m) the cave is 100 metres above the current level of the river and provides an excellent vantage point: the view extends to Saut du Teil, a narrowing of the valley downstream, across the whole Niaux basin, and the surrounding limestone mountains which rise to around 1100 metres, and above the valley appear peaks of the Pyrenees chain, which in this sector has two peaks of 3000 metres.



La Salle Monique. Head of a Pyrennean Ibex, Capra pyrenaica, engraved on a bone.

The Magdalenian penetration of the Tarascon Basin occurred relatively late, well after 21 300 BP. The human settlement of this area in the Middle and especially the final Magdalenian is quite remarkable, since no fewer than 5 painted caves and dozens of sites were occupied at that time in a radius of about 7 km radius from Tarascon-sur-Ariege.

Description and History of the Excavations

Fig. 1

Plan of la Grotte de la Vache, after the Spéléo-Club du Haut-Sabarthez

The cave is developed in the Urgo-Aptian limestone (the Urgo-Aptian is one of the stages of the Lower Cretaceous) following a south/north axis which corresponds to a sliding fault inside this formation (Fig. 1). Two openings, respectively oriented towards the east and southeast, light the Salle Garrigou. From there, a gallery extends northward sixty metres to reach the Salle Triangulaire beyond which further access is currently impossible. South of the Salle Garrigou there is an opening to the Salle Monique , also lit by natural light, but nevertheless easy to close off with a barrier of some kind if the occupants wanted better protection from the cold.

The cave has attracted the attention of prehistorians: F. Garrigou (1867), then F. Regnault (1872) have searched the entrance hall from the 1860s. Here F Garrigou demonstrated for the first time the presence of man from the Age of Reindeer in the Pyrenees.

From 1940, R. Robert resumed excavations in the Salle Garrigou. He then searched the Salle Monique during 1952-1964. From the faunal excavations of F. Garrigou, we have found to date only a few pieces that he added to the collections of the Prehistoric Museum of Ariège during its creation at the Château de Foix. The fauna of the excavation by R. Robert in the Salle Garrigou is only known by the list of taxa (Malvesin Fabre and Robert 1951). Our study (Pailhaugue, 1993, 1995) covers the material of the faunal excavations by R. Robert in the Salle Monique for which the only previously known data were due to the work of Dr. F.E. Koby (1957a, 1957b, 1959), who had had less than a small fraction of the materiel to work with.

Stratigraphy

In the Salle Monique R. Robert found the stratigraphy described by F. Garrigou (1867) and verified by him in the Salle Garrigou as follows, from top to bottom:

• A clay layer, sometimes absent, no more than 40 cm thick.
• A 'stalagmite' layer, of white calcium carbonate, of variable thickness.
• A layer of sand and pebbles

The archaeological deposit is located in the black sandy layer, rich in charcoal. This archaeological layer was artificially divided within each square into 4 "layers" of equal thickness numbered I to IV from top to bottom. More than two hundred square metres were excavated in this way. However the thickness of the archaeological deposits varied significantly between the sectors, from 10 cm to nearly a metre.

It is easy to see on the vertical faces of the excavation in the Salle Monique that sediments laid down at the same time are attributed to different layers. For example, layer IV at the bed of the large fireplace in the northwest is from the same lot of sediments as layer I at the back of the room. This is why we have not sought to highlight the stratigraphic division of the fauna.

Dating

Two carbon-14 dates on charcoal were performed by the laboratory of Groningue at the request of R. Robert:

Gr 2025: 12 540 ± 105 BP Layer II

Gr 2026: 12 850 ± 140 BP layer IV

A new dating performed at our request by the laboratory of Gif-sur-Yvette on a lot of bones confirmed the previous ones:

Gif. 7603: 12 800 ± 140 BP layer II

Recently, we have obtained dates produced by the particle accelerator laboratory in Gif-sur-Yvette:

Square 269, depth 109 cm: 13 490 ± 120 BP

Square 71, depth 59.5 cm: 13 770BP ± 140

Square 71 depth 115 cm: 13 650BP ± 130

These last three dates are perfectly compatible with each other. Located at the bottom of the Salle Monique, square 71 belongs to an area where the roof tends to collapse, dropping detritus, and where the number of remains is by far the highest in the entire gisement/site. This high number of remains occurred probably because it is an area bordering the living area that regularly accumulated extra material that was not thrown away outside the cave, because it constituted a reserve of raw materials in short supply, such as bones which might be able to be reworked into tools.

Human occupation of the deposit is contemporaneous with the Late glacial and presumably starting a little before. The only pollen analysis carried out to date (Leroi-Gourhan, 1967) is the anterior part of the deposit at the end of the Bölling and the start of the Dryas II. The lithic and bone industry contains thousands of pieces typical of the middle Pyrenean Magdalenian and the final Pyrenean, as well as a significant number of remains clearly attributable to the Azilian.

Fauna

La Salle Monique has delivered more than 142 000 animal remains identified to date (Table 1, Fig. 2-5), distributed among 29 taxa of mammals and 21 taxa of Birds.

The remains of fish and amphibians (such as frogs, toads, salamanders and newts) are not reviewed here.

Because of the diversity and the large number of data points, it is clear that this fauna is very representative of the extreme end of the Pleistocene in mountainous areas. Essentially, the remains have been the result of human action, as evidenced by the many examples of tools linked with the hunting and preparation of the animals. These tools are the most abundant types in the Tarascon Basin.

The birds, represented by a minimum of 4886 individuals (MNI frequency, MNI = Minimum Number of Individuals) far outweigh the numbers of mammals (MNI 2259, fig. 2). Among these, the Herbivores provided the largest share of the meat. (fig 3):

Fig. 2 - Pie Graph of major species found

Bouquetins - Ibex
Autres mammifères - Other mammals
Lagopèdes - Ptarmigan
Autres oiseaux - Other birds

Fig. 3 - Pie Graph of major mammals found

Bouquetins - Ibex
Rennes - Reindeer
Isards - Chamois
Renards - Foxes
Lièvres - Hares
Autres - Other mammals

Fig. 4 - Pie Graph of major birds found

Lagopèdes - Ptarmigan
Chocards - Alpine Chough
Perdrix - Partridges
Autres - Other birds

Fig. 5 - Pie Graph of some temperate and cold loving mammals apart from Ibex found

Renard commun - Red Fox
Cerf - Red Deer
Lapin - Rabbit
Renard polaire - Arctic Fox
Renne - Reindeer
Lièvre variable - Hare

Table 1 - Faunal list from La Salle Monique

Species	Common Name	Number of remains identified	MNI = Minimum Number of Individuals
Mammals:
Carnivores:
Felidae:
Felis silvestris	Wildcat	20	2
Lynx sp.	Lynx	31	2
Panthera spelaea	Cave Lion	1	1
Canidae:
Canis lupus	Grey Wolf	399	8
Cuon sp.	Dhole, Wild Dog	9	1
Vulpes vulpes	Red Fox	min. 111
Alopex lagopus	Arctic Fox	min. 68
Indeterminate foxes		1580	92
Ursidae:	Bears	min. 68
Mustelidae:	Weasels
Mustela erminea	Stoat or Ermine	1	1
Gulo gulo	Wolverine or Glutton	12	2
Artiodactyla:
Suidae:	Pigs	min. 68
Sus scrofa	Wild Boar	33	2
Cervidae:	deer
Cervus elaphus	Red Deer	755	9
Rangifer tarandus	Reindeer	5821	147
Capreolus capreolus	European Roe Deer	14	2
Bovidae:	Cattle, Bison, some antelopes, sheep, goats
Caprinae:	Sheep, Goats
Rupicapra pyrenaica	Chamois	3307	85
Capra pyrenaica	Ibex	71451	1831
Bovinae:	Cattle, bison, some antelopes	206	6
Perissodactyls:	Horses, Rhinoceroses
Equidae:
Equus caballus	Horse	16	3
Lagomorphes:	Hares, rabbits
Lepus timidus	Mountain Hare	1058	42
Oryctolagus cuniculus	European Rabbit	63	5
Rodentia:	Rodents
Citellus sp.	Ground squirrels	2	1
Marmota marmota	Alpine Marmot	5	1
Eliomys quercinus	Garden dormouse	5	2
Apodemus sylvaticus	Long-tailed field mouse	4	2
Arvicola sp.	Water vole	5	3
Microtus cf. arvalis	Common vole	4	1
Eulipotyphla:	Insectivores - Shrews, moles and hedgehogs
Talpa cf. europaea	European mole	12	1
Erinaceus cf. europaeus	European hedgehog	18	4
Total mammals:		85029	2259
Species	Common Name	Number	MNI = Minimum Number of Individuals
Birds:
Anatidae:
Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard, or Wild Duck	4	2
Aythya fuligula	Tufted Duck	3	1
Mergus merganser	Common Merganser or Goosander	18	7
Anas clypeata	Northern Shoveler	18	7
Accipitridae:
Gypaetus barbatus	Lammergeier, or Bearded Vulture	39	3
Aquila chrysaetos	Golden Eagle	11	2
Tetraonidae:
Lagopus mutus, Lagopus lagopus	Rock Ptarmigan,  Willow Ptarmigan	52627	4566
Phasianidae:
Perdix perdix	Grey Partridge	540	91
Coturnix coturnix	Common Quail	4	1
Columbidae:	Pigeons and Doves	13	3
Strigidae:
Nyctea scandiaca	Snowy Owl	1	1
Asio otus	Long-eared Owl	2	1
Turdidae:	Thrushes	38	6
Ploceidae:
Montifringilla nivalis	White-winged Snowfinch	19	6
Corvidae:
Garrulus glandarius	Eurasian Jay	7	4
Pica pica	European Magpie	52	16
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax	Red billed Chough	23	7
Pyrrhocorax graculus	Yellow billed Chough or Alpine Chough	1137	147
Corvus corax	Common Raven	23	7
Total birds:		54 724	4 886
Total Fauna:		139 753	7 145

Table 1 - Faunal list from La Salle Monique



The Pyrenean Ibex is by far the most hunted mammal, with 1831 individuals minimum (MNI obtained by adding the 398 D4 lower rights, and the 1433 M3 lower lefts).

• With a minimum of 147 individuals, the reindeer is 13 times less frequent than the Ibex in the table. This total of 147 individuals corresponds to:
  
  
• At least 37 reindeer aged more than 29 months represented by the upper and lower jaws carrying deciduous (milk) teeth.
  
  
• 113 M3 isolated inferior rights, which belong to three right mandibles of reindeer aged 15-29 months and from 110 subjects aged more than 29 months.
  
  

Next, the chamois with a minimum of 85 individuals calculated as follows:

• 30 mandibles with deciduous teeth corresponding to subjects aged less than 30 months.
  
  
• 57 M3 lower rights, with 2 of the right mandibles of individuals aged 27-30 months and 55 isolated teeth from individuals aged at least 30 months.
  
  

Two other mammals constitute game which was not overlooked: the Foxes (MNI frequency 92) and the Hare (MNI frequency 42)

Amongst the birds (Fig. 4), Ptarmigan, including Willow Ptarmigan and Rock Ptarmigan (Koby, 1957 b), are clearly dominant, with a minimum 4566 individuals, or 93.5% of the number of birds represented in the deposit. Then come the Chough (MNI 147) and the Grey Partridge (MNI 91).

The hunting list of the occupants of the Salle Monique fits perfectly in a mountain habitat: the Ibex population in Haute-Ariege was remarkably well developed, but not that of the Chamois, which probably had a real demographic expansion during the Holocene (the period which followed) when the improved, wetter weather conditions allowed the development of a forest canopy to which the animal appears quite strongly attracted. Other forms no less typical of mountains are present (Dejonghe, 1984): the Alpine Marmot, the Bearded Vulture, the Golden Eagle, the Vulture, the Chough, the Alpine Chough or the Snowfinch.

The clear superiority in numbers of the Ibex over the Chamois, the Deer over the Reindeer (MNI 9), Hare over the Rabbit (MNI 5) or again the presence of the Arctic Fox over the Red Fox (Fig. 5) infer a cold climate, even a frigid one, for at least part of the tenure by humans of the Salle Monique.

The animals of the forest such as Roe Deer, Boar, or Red Deer, are few in number and are concentrated mostly in the north-west of the excavation. Birds also, at least among the temperate species of Quail, Jay, or Woodpecker are very scarce.

The faunal composition varies across sectors of the excavation. We were able to highlight (Pailhaugue, 1993) areas of concentration for reindeer and also for Red Deer; also the north-east sector where there is a concentration of the remains of Red Deer supplied the majority of the remains of wild boar and all the remains of the Roe Deer. The artificial stratigraphy used by R. Robert does not permit the demonstration of any changes in the composition of the fauna during the period of occupation of the Salle Monique, nor allow us to place in time the appearance of one species or the disappearance of another.

Compared to the list of faunal remains of F. Garrigou (1867) numbering about 60 000 pieces and that of G. Malvesin-Fabre and R. Robert (1951) concerning the Salle Garrigou, the large number of faunal remains of the Salle Monique allows us to identify not just the same species but to enrich the list of taxa by a dozen species or subspecies not found in the other excavations.

Several carnivores rarely encountered in excavations have confirmed their presence in the late Glacial of the Pyrenees: a canine, the Dhole, which persisted much later in the Haute-Ariège, and among the big cats, the Lynx, the Wild Cat and the Cave Lion; a mustelid, the Wolverine, already reported in the neighbouring excavations of l'Herm (Ball, 1894), Les Trois Frères (Begouën and Koby, 1950) and at Labastide (Clot, 1982). A large Brown Bear was also present.

Bovines and Horses are very rare, these large herbivores do not frequent areas where the terrain does not suit them.

Rodents and Insectivores (Lavocat et al., 1966) are also scarce in the site, the presence of some of them may also result from an incursion of these cave dwelling animals into the Salle Monique when not occupied by humans.

Amongst birds, few Ducks, Geese and Swans came to the neighbourhood of the Vicdessos. Raptors, diurnal and nocturnal, are also rare. With the exception of Owls, they still exist in the Pyrenees, and the Grey Partridge now has an isolated population in Haute-Ariège.

Birds such as the Quail and the Woodpecker have been identified for the first time on a Pyrenean gisement (site) from the recent Würm (Clot and Morer-Chauauviré, 1986), and the Tufted Duck and the Jay, corresponding to a temperate climate, are very scarce. The Chocard, the Yellow Beaked Chough, by far the most common corvid, is better represented than the Crave, the Red Beaked Chough, and it seems to cope better with cold conditions.

Hunting Goats

The Pyrenean Ibex and the Chamois

The anatomical distribution of teeth (Table 2) allows us to recognise the presence of juveniles still having their deciduous (milk) teeth. Of the 1831 Ibex in the Salle Monique:

• 28% of the subjects still have the D4 lower right: so they were under the age of 28 months at the time of their death.
  
  
• 72% have the left lower M3 and were therefore older than 28 months at their death (Couturier, 1962).
  
  

The remarkable sexual dimorphism of Ibex (Ahana, 1978; Delpech and Le Gall, 1983) allows us to determine the gender composition of the population of the Salle Monique. To this end scatterplots have been made from two dimensions taken from the series with the most abundant bone remains. The studied specimens are divided sharply into two clouds of points, corresponding respectively to the group of males and females and the group of younger subjects of undetermined sex. The very good separation of groups can confirm that the study population includes only Pyrenean ibex, which we highlighted in the study of the internal bony socket of the horn (chevilles osseuses de corne) (Pailhaugue, 1993, 1995). Indeed, the Alpine Ibex is larger than the Pyrenees Ibex, both for males and for females, and its presence would make it difficult or impossible to separate the two groups mentioned above.

In several parts measured, where the epiphyses (rounded end of a long bone) are either absent or isolated, or imperfectly welded to the shaft, or they come from young animals, we assigned a maximum age by referring to the data of R. Barone (1966) concerning the goat.

Table 2: La Salle Monique. Capra pyrnaica. Anatomical distribution of dental remains

	Upper Left Teeth									Upper Right Teeth
Dentition	D2	D3	D4	P2	P3	P4	M1	M2	M3	D2	D3	D4	P2	P3	P4	M1	M2	M3
Deciduous Teeth	119	179	201		1		116	35		137	187	205				129	30
Permanent Teeth				277	398	452	431	344	175				250	393	430	440	338	148
Single Teeth	30	41	70	210	291	381	614	762	889	37	33	68	201	258	393	590	765	934
Single Teeth				20			188				1		14			179
Single Teeth							60									62
Total	149	220	271	487	690	833	1161	1141	1064	174	220	273	451	651	823	1159	1133	1082
Total	640			2030			3614			668			1939			3615
Total	6284									6222
Uncategorised fragments	350
Total upper teeth	12856
Lower left teeth
Dentition		I1	I2	I3	C	i1	i2	i3	c	D2	D3	D4	P2	P3	P4	M1	M2	M3
Deciduous Teeth		2	11					1	1	208	282	268		1	1	175	64
Permanent Teeth		5	20	41	34								307	814	901	860	767	480
Single Teeth		2426			367	249			37	48	65	88	147	240	302	574	751	953
Single Teeth		287														41
Single Teeth																126
Total		7	31	41	401			1	38	256	347	356	454	1055	1204	1609	1582	1433
Total		3193				1247							2713			4791
Total lower left teeth		11944
Lower right teeth
Dentition		I1	I2	I3	C	i1	i2	i3	c	D2	D3	D4	P2	P3	P4	M1	M2	M3
Deciduous Teeth		7	14	6		1	3	6	10	223	318	303		4	2	193	75	1
Permanent Teeth		5	18	42	37								292	778	875	885	789	486
Single Teeth					340				39	51	52	95	162	262	311	602	734	937
Single Teeth		365														157
Total		12	32	48	377	1	3	6	49	274	370	398	454	1044	1188	1680	1598	1424
Total		3033				1331							2687			4927
Total lower right teeth		11978
Uncategorised fragments		83														223
Total lower teeth		24228

Table 2: La Salle Monique. Capra pyrnaica. Anatomical distribution of dental remains



The dimensions of the distal region of the left humerus and imperfect welding of epiphyses to the diaphysis allows us to identify (Fig. 6):

• 44% as males.
  
  
• 56% as females and juveniles aged under one year of indeterminate sex.
  
  

Similarly, the right front cannon bone allows us to recognise (Fig. 7):

• 43% as males.
  
  
• 57% as females and juveniles aged under three years, of indeterminate sex.
  
  
• 40% as males and 60% as females aged over 3 years.
  
  

Within 1% latitude, the first two percentages are similar to those obtained from the humerus.

From the right calcaneus we can recognise (Fig. 8):

• 29% as juveniles aged under 3 years of indeterminate sex.
  
  
• Among subjects older than 3 years, 41% as male and 59% as female - the proportion very close to that obtained for the anterior cannon bone.
  
  

With perhaps a little less than 30% of subjects aged less than 28 months and about 40% of males and 60% of females among those aged over 28 months, the ibex of La Salle Monique fairly reflect the natural composition of a population according to Couturier (1962), who concluded that the sex ratio among adults would be about 55% for females and 45% for males. Thus, the prehistoric hunters of the Salle Monique have indiscriminately hunted goats of all ages and both sexes without making a selection on the basis of sex or age or size.

The jaws of young goats older than 4 years, still possessing their deciduous teeth and all or part of their permanent teeth are numerous. With information available on the replacement of deciduous teeth by permanent teeth among modern populations, it was possible to divide the subjects under 4 years of Salle Monique into four age groups (Fig. 9 and 10):

• 202 kids ages 4 to 10 months.
  
  
• 124 male and female juveniles aged 17-22 months.
  
  
• 138 bucks and does aged 27-34 months.
  
  
• Some subjects aged 40-45 months, hardly recognisable because identification is based on the presence of the adult canine tooth, and mesial (towards the middle of the front of the jaw) portions of the mandible are rarely preserved
  
  

The few jaws kept at the Departmental Museum of Ariège correspond to individuals belonging to these age groups. La Salle Garrigou therefore seems to have been occupied by the same hunters as those of la Salle Monique.

By the same method, and comparing the skulls of chamois from the current Réserve Nationale de Chasse d'Orlu killed at known ages, the chamois of the Salle Monique (Table No. 4) are divided into three age groups (Fig. 11):

• 16 kids aged from 6 to 12 months.
  
  
• 8 juvenile males and females aged 16 to 20 months.
  
  
• Six bucks and does aged 27-32 months.
  
  

It thus appears that the goats were hunted from autumn to spring (Fig. 13), with the maximum during the winter months. In November, at the start of the rut, large herds of animals of both sexes and all ages gathered. These herds were occupying the mountains and valleys in the vicinity of La Grotte de la Vache, where the Ibex easily satisfied the three conditions for a wide and representative demography of ages and sexes:

• Abundant food
  
  
• Rocky slopes offering the potential for escape and areas of refuge in many directions
  
  
• Slopes too steep to hold much snow, something that the Chamois did not concern itself with
  
  

Catches probably intensified during the winter period during which all animals were forced to stay in a relatively small area at low altitude for pasture when high valleys became inaccessible. In spring, the bucks scattered over a much larger area, while the does remained at lower elevations until parturition, which occurs in May/June, before expanding their territory to include the high mountains and the mountain valley bottoms.

Fig. 6

La Salle Monique

Capra pyrenaica

Scatterplot of length versus width of the Ibex humerus bones found.

Fig. 7

La Salle Monique

Capra pyrenaica

Scatterplot of length versus width of the Ibex metacarpal bones found.

Fig. 8

La Salle Monique

Capra pyrenaica

Scatterplot of length versus width of the Ibex calcaneum bones found.

Fig. 9

La Salle Monique

Capra pyrenaica

Right Maxilaries

A and B: Animals between 4 and 10 months old, D2-M1.

C: Animal between 17 and 22 months old, D2-M2.

D: Animal between 31 and 34 months old, P2-M3.

Fig. 10

La Salle Monique

Capra pyrenaica

Left mandibles

A: Animal between 7 and 9 months old, D2-M1.

B: Animal between 18 and 22 months old, D2-M2.

C: Animal between 30 and 34 months old, P3-M3.

Fig. 11

La Salle Monique

Capra pyrenaica

A: Animal between 6 and 12 months old, right maxillary with D2-M1.

B: Animal between 28 and 30 months old, right maxillary wit P2-M3.

C: Animal between 6 and 12 months old, right mandible with D2-M1.

D: Animal between 16 and 20 months old, right mandible with D3-M2

E: Animal between 27 and 30 months old, right mandible with M2-M3 and left mandible with D4-M2.

Fig. 12

La Salle Monique

Rangifer tarandus

A: Animal between 3 and 5 months old, left maxillary with D2-M1.

B: Animal between 3 and 13 months old, right maxillary wit D2-M1.

C: Animal between 3 and 13 months old, right mandible with D2-M1.

D: Animal between 10 and 15 months old, left mandible with D3-M2.

E: Animal between 12 and 22 months old, left mandible with D3-M2.

F: Animal between 15 and 29 months old, right mandible with D3-M3.

Table 3: La Salle Monique. Capra pyrnaica. Anatomical distribution of bones

	Left		Right		Not assigned	Total	MNI = Minimum Number of Individuals
	PF	DF	PF	DF
Cranial fragments					959	959
Bony horn sockets	273		309		180	762	306
Atlas (C1) and fragments					90	90
Axis (C2) and fragments					56	56
Scapula	277		284			561	284
Humerus	6	694	9	645		1354	694
Radio-ulna	356	128	362	121	diaphysis 2	969	362
Single ulna	207	18	225	29		479	223
Lunate (carpal)	379		369			748	379
Supercarpal	180		161			341	180
Scaphoid (carpal)	398		395			793	398
Pyramidal (carpal)	249		272			521	272
Trapezoid (carpal)	417		449			866	449
Hamate (carpal)	245		248			493	248
Anterior cannon bone	137	482	174	489	E.D. 194	1476	489
Metacarpals					125	125
Coxa	75		100			175	100
Femur	38	27	34	27		126	38
Patella	194		260			454	260
Tibia	31	562	35	552	diaphysis 1	1181	562
Malleolus	107		109			216	109
Navicular bone	379		328			707	379
Talus	792		803			1595	803
Calcaneus	488		438			926	488
Calcaneus epiphysis not attached	26		28			54	28
Large cuneiform	113		134			247	134
Small cuneiform	5		5			10	5
Posterior cannon bone	270	416	239	419	E.D. 116	1460	419
Small sesamoid bone					22	22
Distal metapode fragments					530	530
Large external sesamoid					573	573
Large internal sesamoid					538	538
1st phalange and fragments					6980	6980
2nd phalange and fragments					3201	3201
Small sesamoid					247	247
3rd phalange and fragments					4532	4532
Total						34367

PF: Proximal Fragments. DF: Distal fragments

Table 3: La Salle Monique. Capra pyrnaica. Anatomical distribution of bones






Fig. 13

La Salle Monique

Age groups and hunting seasons: A = Ibex, B = Chamois, C = Reindeer

Table 4: La Salle Monique. Rupicapra pyrenaica. Anatomic distribution of the dental remains.

	Upper Left Teeth									Upper Right Teeth
Dentition	D2	D3	D4	P2	P3	P4	M1	M2	M3	D2	D3	D4	P2	P3	P4	M1	M2	M3
Deciduous Teeth	7	12	15				8	4		6	12	11				7
Permanent Teeth				21	27	36	38	36	24			31	36	33	36	32	23
Single teeth	1		1	1	2	10	13	13	24	2	5	6	2	4	8	16	11	29
Single teeth							3									9
Total	36			260						42			277
Uncategorised fragments				3			12
Total Upper Teeth	630
Lower left teeth
Dentition		I1	I2	I3	C	i1	i2	i3	c	D2	D3	D4	P2	P3	P4	M1	M2	M3
Deciduous Teeth										10	21	22				12	4
Permanent Teeth													29	49	49	43	38	20
Single Teeth		19	9	3			2	2	1	2	1		2	4	7	20	32	34
Single Teeth		7														1
Single Teeth																14
Total		38					5			12	22	22	31	53	56	75	74	54
Total		38				61							358
Total lower left teeth		457
Lower right teeth
Dentition		I1	I2	I3	C	i1	i2	i3	c	D2	D3	D4	P2	P3	P4	M1	M2	M3
Deciduous Teeth								1	1	8	15	17		1	1	17	5
Permanent Teeth													21	47	46	43	40	23
Single Teeth		22	6	4	3	2	5	1		5		6	4	5	6	19	26	34
Single Teeth		7														2
Single Teeth																22
Total						2		1	1	13	15	23	25	53	53	79	71	57
Total		42				61							362
Total lower right teeth		465
Total uncategorised fragments		5
Total lower teeth		927

Table 4: La Salle Monique. Rupicapra pyrenaica. Anatomic distribution of the dental remains.

Reindeer Hunting

Jaws of young reindeer can also define the age at death in months and thus the hunting seasons, but with less precision than those of Ibex and Chamois. (Delpech, 1983).

37 reindeer with their deciduous teeth were still under the age of 29 months at the time of their death. These young reindeer represent 25% of the population of reindeer in the Salle Monique, a percentage similar to those obtained for goats, probably also reflecting the natural composition according to the age of a population in which prehistoric indiscriminate hunting was practised.

They are divided into five age groups (Fig. 12):

• 3 reindeer aged 3 to 5 months
  
  
• 13 reindeer aged 3-13 months
  
  
• 7 reindeer aged 10-15 months
  
  
• 3 reindeer aged 12-22 months
  
  
• 11 reindeer aged 15-29 months
  
  

Among these young reindeer, those belonging to different age groups may have been hunted during the same periods of the year, between mid-August and mid-October, or in May/June (Fig. 13).

Examination of the frontal bone (the frontal bone of animals such as the reindeer is where horns or antlers are mounted. Male reindeer drop their antlers at the beginning of winter, and female reindeer retain their antlers until after they give birth in the spring) allowed the recognition of females culled during the moult in May-June, and males also killed during the moult that occurs during autumn. Most antlers are of males, which were necessarily collected by the hunters during the period of, or shortly after, moulting, the antlers quickly disappearing in the wild because some rodents are fond of them. These two observations confirm perfectly the presence of man in la Salle Monique in autumn and at the end of spring.

Assuming that the reindeers of the late Würm conducted micro-migration, probably at the regional level, all the reindeer from la Salle Monique could - it has not been demonstrated - have been hunted during their passage through the valley during the summer migration to the high pastures or during the descent of the herds returning to their winter territory in late summer/early autumn, when frost and snow make the high altitude feeding grounds inhospitable.

Table 5: La Salle Monique. Rupicapra pyrnaica. Anatomical distribution of bones

	Left		Right		Uncategorised	Total	MNI
	PF	DF	PF	DF
Cranial fragments					86	86
Bony horn sockets	13		19		10	42	19
Atlas (C1) and fragments					10	10
Axis (C2) and fragments					15	15
Scapula	11		17			28	17
Humerus		44		38		82	44
Radio-ulna	40	9	47	13		109	47
Single ulna	29		24	3	Diaphysis 1	57	29
Lunate (carpal)	13		18			31	18
Supercarpal	4		6			10	6
Scaphoid (carpal)	19		10			29	19
Pyramidal (carpal)	2		11			13	11
Trapezoid (carpal)	15		15			30	15
Hamate (carpal)	4		7			11	7
Anterior cannon bone	9	28	5	41	DF 21	104	41
Lateral metacarpals					12	12
Coxa	11		7			18	11
Femur	1	3	1	4		9	4
Patella	12		8			20	12
Tibia	3	26	5	22		56	26
Malleolus	2		2			4	2
Navicular bone	22		21			43	22
Talus	29		24			53	29
Calcaneus	18		19			37	19
Large cuneiform	1		3			4	3
Small cuneiform					2	2
Posterior cannon bone	10	19	16	28	DF 17	90	28
Distal fragments of the metapode					32	32
Large external sesamoid					7	7
Large internal sesamoid					5	5
1st phalange and fragments					394	394
2nd phalange and fragments					160	160
Small sesamoid					7	7
3rd phalange and fragments					140	140
Total	1750

Table 5: La Salle Monique. Rupicapra pyrnaica. Anatomical distribution of bones

PF: Proximal Fragments. DF: Distal fragments

Table 6: La Salle Monique. Capra pyrnaica. Occurrence of bones with respect to Maximum Number of Individuals

	Left		Right
	MNI	% MNI total	MNI	% MNI total
Bony horn sockets	306	16.7	275	15.0
Atlas (C1)	90	4.9
Axis (C2)	56	3.1
Scapula	275	15.0	284	15.5
Humerus PF	6	0.3	9	0.5
Humerus DF	694	37.9	645	35.2
Radius PF	356	19.4	362	19.8
Radio-ulna DF	128	7.0	119	6.5
Single ulna PF	206	11.3	223	12.2
Single ulna DF	18	1.0	29	1.6
Lunate (carpal)	379	20.7	369	20.2
Supercarpal	180	9.8	161	8.8
Scaphoid (carpal)	398	21.7	395	21.6
Pyramidal (carpal)	249	13.6	272	14.9
Trapezoid (carpal)	417	22.8	449	24.5
Hamate (carpal)	245	13.4	248	13.6
Anterior cannon bone PF	137	7.5	174	9.5
Anterior cannon bone DF	482	26.3	489	26.7
Coxa	75	4.1	100	5.5
Femur PF	38	2.1	34	1.9
Femur DF	27	1.5	27	1.5
Patella	194	10.6	260	14.2
Tibia PF	31	1.7	35	1.9
Tibia DF	562	30.7	489	26.7
Malleolus	107	5.8	109	6.0
Navicular bone	379	20.7	328	17.9
Talus	792	43.3	803	43.9
Calcaneus	488	26.7	438	23.9
Posterior cannon bone PF	270	14.7	239	13.1
Posterior cannon bone DF	416	22.7	419	22.9
1st phalange and fragments			about 27.0
2nd phalange and fragments			about 19.3
3rd phalange and fragments			about 30.9

Table 6: La Salle Monique. Capra pyrnaica. Occurrence of bones with respect to Maximum Number of Individuals

PF: Proximal Fragments. DF: Distal fragments

Table 7: La Salle Monique. Rupicapra pyrnaica. Anatomical distribution of bones vs MNI

	Left MNI	Left % MNI Total	Right MNI	Right % MNI Total
Bony horn sockets	13	15	19	22
Atlas (C1)	n = 10            % = 12
Axis (C2)	n = 15            % = 18
Scapula	11	13	17	20
Humerus Proximal Fragments	44	52	38	45
Radio-ulna Proximal Fragments	40	47	47	55
Single ulna	29	34	24	28
Lunate (carpal)	13	15	18	21
Supercarpal	4	5	6	7
Scaphoid (carpal)	19	22	10	12
Pyramidal (carpal)	2	2	11	13
Trapezoid (carpal)	15	18	15	18
Hamate (carpal)	4	5	7	8
Anterior cannon bone PF	9	11	5	6
Anterior cannon bone DF	3	4	4	5
Coxa	11	13	7	8
Femur PF	1	1	1	1
Femur DF	3	4	5	6
Patella	12	14	8	9
Tibia PF	3	4	5	6
Tibia DF	26	31	22	26
Malleolus	2	2	2	2
Navicular bone	22	26	21	25
Talus	29	34	24	28
Calcaneus	18	21	19	22
Large cuneiform	1	1	3	4
Posterior cannon bone PF	10	12	16	19
Posterior cannon bone DF	19	22	28	33
1st phalange and fragments	n = 236            % = 36.42
2nd phalange and fragments	n = 128            % = 19.75
3rd phalange and fragments	n = 140            % = 21.61

PF: Proximal Fragments. DF: Distal fragments


Table 7: La Salle Monique. Rupicapra pyrnaica. Anatomical distribution of bones vs MNI

Animal Preparation Methods

The anatomical distribution of the remains of the Pyrenean Ibex (Table 2 and 3), Chamois (Table 4 and 5) and Reindeer shows that all skeletal elements are present in the deposit and the animals were most often if not always carried entire to the site to be skinned and butchered. Perhaps however they were already gutted because only one bovid bone (goats are part of the bovid group) from the foetal stage was found. We have now shown that most goats were slaughtered in winter or spring, periods when females are pregnant.

The representativeness of the main sets of bones compared to MNI often shows a remarkable coincidence of paired bones for the anatomical element between the right and its left counterpart (Table 6 and 7). The element of the post-cranial skeleton that is best represented is the astragalus or talus bone (43% of MNI) for the Ibex and the proximal radio-ulnar for the Chamois (55% of MNI), an occurrence of less than half that of the teeth, partly due to better natural conservation of the teeth, but also because of the processing of the bones by the hunters.

In early research at La Grotte de La Vache, Garrigou (1867) and Regnault (1872) found that the fragmentation of the bones could best be explained not by natural causes, but by human intervention. They relied for that conclusion on the data collected for the amount of fragmentation demonstrated for fossilised human bones in the Pyrenees. Koby also reported the presence of incisions due to the action of a bone tool, and systematic fragmentation of the long bones of ruminants.

Mandibles and long bones were fractured in a completely routine manner to extract the marrow. This practice also involved getting the marrow from most of the first phalanxes, which contain very little marrow (only 431 are complete out of over 3000 represented in the pool) and about half of the second phalanges, a short bone which contains much less marrow. Among the limb bones (phalanges excluded) of 1831 Ibex and the 85 chamois in the deposit, only two radio-ulnar bones and three cannon bones were found complete or nearly so. We do not mean to suggest, like Koby (1957a), that the prehistoric occupants of la Salle Monique suffered from "chronic hunger" or famine. The meat diet does not appear to have failed, given the wealth of the kill, but the marrow would have, in the form of animal fat, had many uses in addition to nutrition.

The tool marks on the skeletons of the Caprinae show that the stripping was carried out in order to keep the skin whole and entire by cutting at the carpus or metacarpus of the foreleg, and the tarsal or metatarsal of the hind leg. The skin was also cut around the base of the horns and at the upper lips, while the head was perhaps already separated from the trunk behind the occipital condyles. The limbs were separated from the carcass and cut at each joint. The dislocation of the spine and the limbs was very thorough, as far as the area of the autopode, an area rich in ligaments and tendons, which, after preparation, may provide thread for sewing. Meat and fat were then eaten, or prepared for deferred consumption, possibly by smoking or drying.

Conclusions

The Ibex has provided the staple diet for the prehistoric people of la Salle Monique. Its abundance has probably conditioned the organisation of a timetable for hunting, and the presence of man in the cave is demonstrated during a part of autumn, during winter and during early spring.

The chamois is much rarer than the ibex in the environment of the hunters from La Grotte de la Vache. It seems to have been hunted only occasionally during the same seasons as the ibex. This is hardly surprising, since both species can occupy the same wintering grounds and their seasonal behaviour is essentially the same if one refers to observations of known current populations.

The season of occupation at the Grotte de La Vache corresponds to the best times for hunting in mountain areas. Hunters in La Salle Monique enjoyed an excellent shelter during the cold season, during which time they were sure to get game in quite sufficient quantity for their needs in the immediate vicinity of the site. They knew very well the ethology of the animals that formed the basis of their food supply, and which supplied many of their raw materials. Their hunting calendar illustrates this knowledge.

During the summer, large groups of animals dispersed, the males first, then the does, going to the high altitude pastures. The hunt in summer would then have been very long and arduous, and the success of their hunting spears and atlatl thrown darts, very random. The lengthening of the days during the summer period was conducive to regional scale displacements allowing them to vary their food supplies and procure raw materials which were locally rare, particularly flint, or non-existent locally, such as the Atlantic and Mediterranean shells used to decorate clothing.

It is, however, certain that the prehistoric hunters were back in time for the start of the new season in time to hunt the reindeer returning to their wintering grounds. It is during the autumn migration that male reindeer shed their antlers, which were then picked up to provide almost all of the essential raw material for the renewal of spearheads and harpoons. This was also the period of salmon fishing on the spawning grounds of the Upper Ariège in autumn.

La Grotte de la Vache has yielded numerous objects made of bone or Cervidae antler, decorated with engraved or carved animals, and if the ibex (Fig. 1) is frequently represented, it does not appear that the chamois is featured on these items. The prehistoric representation of chamois is very rare, from memory consisting of a complete chamois and chamois head carved on the walls of the Grotte du Ker Massat, and engraved bones from the Grotte de Labastide. Deer, bison, aurochs, frequently appear in the portable art of the Grotte de la Vache, which also offers us the images of animals very rarely represented elsewhere, such as wolves, chum salmon, panthers, bears and even the head of a bird of indeterminate species carved on reindeer antler.

The Magdalenians of the Grotte de La Vache were assured of obtaining game in quite sufficient quantities in the immediate vicinity of the site, without major difficulties we think, probably by hunting parties in the case of herbivores and by trapping for small animals, particularly grouse and animals hunted for their fur. They benefited from the excellent shelter provided by the Salles Garrigou and Monique, which were illuminated by sunlight during the day but still easy to close off when better protection against the cold was necessary. These hunters appear to us to be a group of true mountaineers who were familiar with and used effectively the abundant resources of a mountain environment which is often regarded as difficult today.

Perhaps they were the first to learn to adapt to the environment of a high valley in Ariège which they occupied during at least two-thirds of the year. Witness the remains of all kinds found by the thousands, even tens of thousands, of wildlife in La Salle Monique, and more than two hundred art objects, which are all artistic masterpieces.

Bibliography

1. Altuna, J., 1978: Dimorphisme sexuel dans le squelette postcéphalique de Capra pyrenaica pendant le Würm final, Munibe, 30, 4, 201-214
2. Barone, R., 1966: Anatomie comparée des Mammifères domestiques, Ostéologie, I, 761 p.
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